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Force majeure clauses1 are contractual clauses which can change or excuse the parties’ obligations and/or liabilities under a contract when an extraordinary event or circumstance beyond their control prevents one or all of them from fulfilling those obligations. For example, if a construction company had to do work for a private company, they can useRead more

If someone is sharing fake news, there are several punishments they may face depending on the nature of the crime. For example, making up and sharing fake news on Covid-19 through Whatsapp can result in a person being punished under the law. Some other punishable offences are: Publishing or circulating any statement, rumour or reportRead more

The punishments for violating lockdown orders are: OffencePunishmentNegligently spreading the infection of diseaseThe punishment is jail time of up to 6 months or/and  fine.1Running away from hospitals during and after the period of testing The punishment is jail time of up to 6 months or/and  fine. 1Disobeying a public servant doing their duty The punishment is jailRead more

In India, the Government’s regulator for drugs CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Control Organization) has allowed two vaccines which are: Covishield (Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine developed in the UK) and Covaxin (by Bharat Biotech).  These vaccines have only received the permit to be used in a restricted manner for emergency situations. This means that they can be used despiteRead more

The Covid-19 vaccine is developed in the following manner1:  Phases of vaccine development or trial Purpose Pre-clinical phaseIn this stage, the vaccine is developed in the laboratory. Phase 1 Clinical trial (8-10 participants)Phase 1 is essential for testing the safety of the vaccine.Phase 2 Clinical trial (50-100 participants)Phase 2 is essential for testing vaccine immunogenicity i.e. production ofRead more

In India, the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 regulates the manufacture and distribution of  drugs and vaccines. Authority regulating vaccines The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is the main regulatory authority. The Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) is an official member of the CDSCO who is the final regulatory authority for the approvalRead more

The Central Government has released an official Covid-19 tracker app i.e. the Aarogya Setu app. It tracks  community transmission and traces the contact and travel history of individuals who are quarantined, using both location data and Bluetooth-based proximity tracking on users’ phones. This is one means of contact tracing. Certain states also have applications thatRead more

The following Covid-19 tests are done in India1: Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) An antigen refers to any foreign matter or viral proteins in the body that triggers an immune response. This test helps identify the antigens related to the Covid-19 virus. Antigen test, also known as rapid antigen test, is a rapid diagnostic test, butRead more

Typically, the Government response to an epidemic, such as Covid-19, involves two primary laws – the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897, and the Disaster Management Act, 2005.  The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 (“Epidemic Act”) gives the Central Government as well as State Governments the power to take special measures and prescribeRead more

Trigger Warning: This explainer contains information on physical violence, sexual violence, abuse and slurs which some readers may find disturbing.Read more

Contempt of court is any action or writing, meant to lower the authority of a court or a Judge or to interfere with the course of justice or the lawful process of the court. The Contempt of Court Act, 1971, defines contempt of court to include two kinds- civil and criminal contempt1. A contempt proceedingRead more

While anything that lowers the authority of the courts can be considered as contempt, there are certain exceptions given in the law.  Innocent publication and distribution of matter Under the law, if a publication, like a book or article, tends to prejudice any pending court proceeding, such as publicly discussing unsubstantiated evidence, it will amountRead more

Anyone can file a complaint against a person who has made scandalizing remarks or otherwise stood in contempt against the judiciary1.  However, the contempt proceeding only happens between the court and the alleged offender. The complainant is only an informer, whose duty ends after informing the court. It is open to the court to determineRead more

The law is meant to safeguard the public’s faith in the judiciary and its authority1. The law applies to the general public, and prohibits the public from making such remarks against the judiciary. However, this restriction won’t be applicable if the remarks come under any of the defenses given by the law.  The law restrictsRead more

Contempt of court can happen anywhere – inside court, outside court, on social media. etc. Further, contempt proceedings can be taken up by either the Supreme Court, High Court, or by Tribunals. However, the procedure to initiate proceedings will differ based on the place where the alleged contempt happens. When contempt happens before the courtRead more

When one is held guilty of contempt, they have the option to apologize to the court and save themselves from any other punishments1. However, such an apology should be genuine and not merely a ruse to save oneself from punishment2.  Punishment for Contempt of Court The punishment for civil and criminal contempt is the same.Read more

The Constitution of India, 1950 empowers the Supreme Court1 and High Courts2 to have the powers to punish for contempt. This means that if a person is held for contempt against any Subordinate Court like the District Court, the respective High Courts of the State, shall have the power to punish such a person3. Here,Read more

Any person can file a complaint against a third party on an alleged offence of contempt of court. Such an application can be forwarded to either the Supreme Court, High Court, or to the court of Judicial Commissioner in cases of Union Territories, in the form of a petition. However, such an application can onlyRead more

The procedure to file a contempt petition depends upon the rules of the respective High Courts and the Supreme Courts. According to the rules of the Supreme Court, a contempt petition should contain: The name, description and place of residence of the complainant(s) and of the persons charged (with the alleged contempt)1.Nature of the contemptRead more

For filing a petition for contempt, a certain amount of court fees have to be paid along with it. For contempt proceedings, the court fees are determined by the rules of the respective High Court or the Supreme Court. However, in the Supreme Court, the court fees do not have to be paid for theRead more

Yes, a person punished for the offence of contempt of court (both civil and criminal contempt) has the right to appeal in the following ways: Punishment Passed By?Who can you appeal to?Time LimitSingle Bench of the High Court Bench of 2 or more Judges of the same High Court30 days1Bench of more than one Judge ofRead more

There are a few essential steps that need to be followed to make the marriage valid1: Proposal and Acceptance There has to be a proposal made by or on behalf of one person and it has to be accepted by the other for a valid marriage. Consent Consent is a very important criteria for aRead more

Under muslim personal law, there is no compulsory requirement to get amarriage registered, although the muslim law does not prohibit registration of marriage. The Nikahnama with the Qazi is the proof of a valid marriage. 1 Mulla, D. F., Sir. (n.d.). Principles of Mahomedan Law (20th ed.) p.332.[↩]Read more

A marriage of a person who is of sound mind and has attained puberty but has not given their consent, is an invalid marriage. The bride has the option to communicate her consent with a Wali who may be a relative. A Wali can be anyone chosen by the woman who is close to herRead more

ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ನವತೇಜ್ ಸಿಂಗ್ ಜೋಹರ್ ಪ್ರಕರಣವು ಸೆಕ್ಷನ್ 377 ಅನ್ನು ‘ರೀಡ್ ಡೌನ್’ ಮಾಡಿ ಸಲಿಂಗಕಾಮವನ್ನು ನಿರಪರಾಧೀಕರಿಸಿತು. ಆದರೆ ಈಗ LGBT+ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳು ಏನೆಂದು ನಮಗೆ ತಿಳಿದಿದೆಯೇ? ಪ್ರೀತಿಯನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಬಂಧಿಸುವ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನವತೇಜ್ ನಂತರ ಕಾನೂನಿನ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ LGBT+ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಲಭ್ಯವಿರುವ ಮಾರ್ಗಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ತಿಳಿಯಲು ಅರವಿಂದ್ ನಾರಾಯಣ್ ಅವರೊಂದಿಗಿನ ಈ ಸಂದರ್ಶನವನ್ನು ವೀಕ್ಷಿಸಿ ಈ ವೀಡಿಯೊವನ್ನು ಧ್ವನಿ ಲೀಗಲ್ ಟ್ರಸ್ಟ್ ಸಹಯೋಗದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ Have any questions or thoughts about theRead more

ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ನವತೇಜ್ ಸಿಂಗ್ ಜೋಹರ್ ಪ್ರಕರಣವು ಸೆಕ್ಷನ್ 377 ಅನ್ನು ‘ರೀಡ್ ಡೌನ್’ ಮಾಡಿ ಸಲಿಂಗಕಾಮವನ್ನು ನಿರಪರಾಧೀಕರಿಸಿತು. ಆದರೆ ಈಗ LGBT+ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳು ಏನೆಂದು ನಮಗೆ ತಿಳಿದಿದೆಯೇ? ಪ್ರೀತಿಯನ್ನು ನಿರ್ಬಂಧಿಸುವ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ನವತೇಜ್ ನಂತರ ಕಾನೂನಿನ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ LGBT+ ವ್ಯಕ್ತಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಲಭ್ಯವಿರುವ ಮಾರ್ಗಗಳ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ತಿಳಿಯಲು ಅರವಿಂದ್ ನಾರಾಯಣ್ ಅವರೊಂದಿಗಿನ ಈ ಸಂದರ್ಶನವನ್ನು ವೀಕ್ಷಿಸಿ ಈ ವೀಡಿಯೊವನ್ನು ಧ್ವನಿ ಲೀಗಲ್ ಟ್ರಸ್ಟ್ ಸಹಯೋಗದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಗಿದೆ Have any questions or thoughts about theRead more

The owner/manager of an education institute must ensure that a board is displayed at a conspicuous place outside the institute, which states the following1: The sale of cigarettes and other tobacco products is strictly prohibited within 100 yards of the institute. The distance measured radially from the outer boundary of the institute.The punishment2is a fineRead more

ಆರ್ಟಿಕಲ್ 21 ರ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಧ್ವನಿ ಲೀಗಲ್ ಟ್ರಸ್ಟ್ ಅವರ ಈ ವೀಡಿಯೊವನ್ನು ನೋಡಿ, ಇದು ಸಂವಿಧಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ನೀಡಲಾಗಿರುವಂತೆ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಜೀವನ ಹಕ್ಕಿನ ಅರ್ಥವನ್ನು ವಿವರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ವೀಡಿಯೊವನ್ನು ಆನಂದಿಸಿದ್ದೀರಾ? ಕೆಳಗಿನ ಕಾಮೆಂಟ್‌ಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಮಗೆ ತಿಳಿಸಿ Artiicle 21 of the Constitution of India, 1950, guarentees the right to life and personal liberty to every person, citizen or non-citizen. Watch this video to know more about rightRead more

Protests have been an integral part of civil society movements in India since its independence and the recent political landscape has been no exception. But do you know where the right to protest emanates from and whether protesting is actually legal in India? Watch this video to learn about your right to protest, how toRead more

The marriage procedure differs according to the person performing the marriage. The law does not give details of the procedure in cases where the marriage is conducted as per the rules of a particular denomination of the Church. However, when the marriage is performed by an official appointed by the Act, like a Marriage RegistrarRead more

A marriage performed by a licensed Minister of Religion is divided into 4 stages:  Stage 1: Issuing of Preliminary Notice  In case two persons wish to be married by a licensed Minister of Religion, one of them must give a notice in person to the Minister, stating their intention to be married. The notice shouldRead more

A marriage performed by a Marriage Registrar is divided into 4 stages: Stage 1: Issuing of Preliminary Notice If a couple wishes to be married by a Marriage Registrar, one of them must give a notice in person to the Registrar of the district in which the couple lives. In case they live in differentRead more

As per the law, a person licensed to grant Marriage certificates can only certify marriage between two Indian Christians 1, neither of them coming from the Roman Catholic faith2. Under these provisions, any two Indian Christians can marry, without preliminary notices, if they fulfill the following conditions: The bridegroom is over 21 years and theRead more

Under Christian law, a minor is defined as someone below the age of 21 years, and is not a widow or widower. In case one of the parties intending marriage is a minor, they would require the consent of their father to get married. If the father of the party is not alive, then theRead more

The Indian Christian Marriage law, which governs the law of Christian marriages, is applicable throughout India, except in the  states of Travancore-Cochin and Manipur.  In Manipur, Christian marriages take place through customary rules and personal laws. Travancore-Cochin is currently part of the Indian states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. In the Cochin area of Kerala, ChristianRead more